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Homelessness among LGBT youth in the United States
Research shows that a disproportionate amount of homeless youth in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, or LGBT.〔H.L. Corliss, et al. 2011, "Discussion."〕〔Nusrat Ventimiglia 2012, p. 440.〕〔B.N. Cochran, et al. 2002, "Abstract."〕〔Nicholas Ray & Colby Berger 2007, p. 1.〕 Researchers suggest that this is primarily a result of hostility or abuse from the young people's families leading to eviction or running away.〔 In addition, LGBT youth are often at greater risk for certain dangers while homeless, including being the victims of crime,〔Nusrat Ventimiglia 2012, p. 441.〕 risky sexual behavior,〔B.N. Cochran, et al. 2002, "Sexual Behavior."〕 substance abuse〔B.N. Cochran, et al. 2002, "Substance Abuse."〕 and mental health concerns.〔R. Gangamma, et al. 2008, "Results."〕
==Prevalence==
Although specific estimates of the percentage of United States homeless youth who identify as LGBT vary widely,〔〔H.L. Corliss, et al. 2011, "Abstract."〕〔Les B. Whitbeck, et al. 2004, p. 330.〕 estimates generally fall somewhere between 11 and 40 percent.〔〔 Barriers to a more definitive percentage include the lack of a nationally representative study〔Les B. Whitbeck, et al. 2004, p. 329.〕 and the possibility of underreporting due to stigma associated with identifying as LGBT.〔Nicholas Ray & Colby Berger 2007, p. 14.〕 The city from which the sample is drawn for each study may also account for a difference in estimates.〔 For example, one 2004 study at the University of Nebraska Lincoln noted that while estimates based on samples from Los Angeles range from 25 to 40 percent, a 1999 study of small and medium Midwestern cities concluded that only 6% of homeless youth there identified as LGBT. According to the authors of this study, geographical location could affect these numbers. For example, a due to the higher risk of coming out in rural, midwestern cities, youth may be more likely to either stay closeted there or to migrate to larger cities. Further, the authors continue, the differences might reflect differences in the ages of the samples in the different studies, or other differences in sampling methodology. The study concludes that when taken together, a general consensus can be found among the studies that 20% of homeless youth in magnet studies identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual, with the number being slightly lower in nonmagnet cities.〔 Finally, in a 2012 study, legal expert Nusrat Ventimiglia noted that studies focusing on the number of transgender youth who experience homelessness are less prevalent, and therefore including youth who identify as transgender but not as gay, lesbian or bisexual could result in an estimate of 40 percent.〔Nusrat Ventimiglia 2012, p. 440-441.〕
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